Multinational Enterprise Practice

Multinational enterprise practice between Australia and Indonesia using national culture comparison. Today’s business environment is consisting on high level of turmoil that comes from globalisation, news technologies, and great transparency (Reeves & Deimler, 2009); that demand organisation’s responsiveness for levels of dramatic, and often tumultuous, organisational change and development in order to achieve its organisational goals and objectives (Darling & Heller, 2009).Because of these revolutionary changes in the business environment (Stewart, 1993); the scope of organizations has expanded into a various sizes and types which lead to the important need for cross-cultural awareness and understanding of the daily operations of international businesses (De Cieri, Fenwick, Hutchings, 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to analyse the international human resource management’s challenges and opportunities when multinational enterprise operates in two different national cultures simultaneously.This essay uses Australia as the host nation, and Indonesia as the host nation subcontractor as the basis of comparison. The concept of external environment refers to a specific and general environment outside the organisation that can affect its performance (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2008). These changes that create a revolution movement in the business world are mainly globalisation and information technology (Stewart, 1993). Particular changes in the external environment can affect their position in the market, dismantling traditional chain of command in the organisation, and restructuring organisation (Stewart, 1993).Thus, it is important to know a few factors that increase the practice of IHRM in multinational enterprises. In this essay the external environmental factors that are analysed are technology and globalisation. One of the factors that has a significant influence in the business environment is technology ( Stewart, 1993). The advent of new media and innovation in technology gives company choices in how to conduct their recruitment practices, such as online recruitment, which is quick, effective and cost efficient (Searle, 2006). This leads to he changes in the majority of work that have transformed from manual work to a more knowledge-based work, due to the increase in globalisation, competition, and technological development (Borland, Hirschberg & Lye, 2004). Technology is used as a tool that can eliminates physical borders; which then accelerated the pace of globalisation (Mendenhell et al. , 2003). * The second factor that has accelerated changes in business environment is Globalisation. It can be seen from a number of organisations that compete in the global market, that have increased substantially due to the increased development in technology (Mendenhell et al. 2003). Taking advantage of the growing worldwide competition is not limited to technology only; organisations also have to compete in their totality and human resources globally (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010). Globalisation has removed the geographical borders that make cultural and distance barriers obsolete when markets fuse together; and has shifted traditional rules, and transforms it to new rules that bring vague, unstable, counterintuitive, and full expectations (Mendenhell et al. , 2003).Thus, understanding cultural, political, legal and economic differences among countries and its communities can be significant challenges (Dessler, 2008). In addition, globalisation creates feelings of insecurity for employees in relation to the prospects of keeping their job, while the intensification of manual, and also of intellectual work, constituting a fertile ground for the creation of mental disorders, such as stress and depression, especially at a time when mental health is extremely important and vital for society and MNEs’ growth (Antonopoulou & Derivisi, 2009).That is why the proce ss of developing and implementing SIHRM strategy and practice in two or more countries is more difficult than developing and implementing SHRM strategy in one country. In the past 3 decades the practice of IHRM in organisations have increase because of a vast growth in the international trade, rapid advances in information technology and communication, distribution, and manufacturing technology (Hutchings & Ratnasari, 2006). International human resource management (IHRM) is the study and application of all human esource management activities as they impact the processes of managing human resource enterprises in the global environment (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012). The purpose of IHRM is to enable MNE to be competitive throughout the world; efficient; locally responsive; flexible and adaptable within the shortest time periods; and capable of transferring knowledge and learning across their globally dispersed units (Schuler, Budhawar, & Florkowski, 2002).The practice of international human resource management in an organisation includes staffing and expatriates procurement, compensation, training and development, international labour relations, as well as performance evaluations and contribution (Wong, 2000). However, the best way in performing all the activities in an integrative manner still remains as a challenging task for HR managers (Schuler, Budhawar, & Florkowski, 2002). To fully understand the importance of integrated culture in MNE, we must understand the concept of national culture.An individual’s values in life are influenced by immediate family, societal and cultural norms, values and beliefs (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, national culture can be defined as ‘the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another’ (Hofstede, 2001). Thus, many cross-cultural management research ? ndings stated that national culture will have a signi? cant in? uence an indi vidual’s intrinsic and extrinsic work values (Gahan & Abeysekera, 2009). Hofstede also divided national culture into four dimensions, which are power distance, collectivist vs. ndividualist, femininity vs. masculinity, and uncertain avoidance (Hofstede, 1997). These four dimensions will affect the degree to which the parent company is willing and able to adapt its strategy and practices to suit the conditions in the subsidiary country; the degree to which it maybe necessary to adapt parent company strategy and practices to suit the conditions in the subsidiary country; and the degree to which the parent company strategy will be effective in subsidiary country (Dessler, 2008). That is why, human resource management researchers suggested that Hofstede’s four dimensions in work values need to be re? cted in HRM practice; in relation to understand employee goal-setting, designs job enrichment, and the design and use of performance-based pay of the target workforce (Gah an & Abeysekera, 2009). By using the cultural focus approach, MNE’s HR managers can have a better understanding of differences in social values and customs between its host nation culture and its subsidiaries’ nation (Lertxundi & Landeta, 2009). Furthermore, a comparison of multiple national cultures will provide greater insight for MNE before the organisation starts its operation in another country (Sims, 2006).It will also increase the awareness on several specific others business culture practice in the manners of etiquette or simple dos or don’t (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Therefore it is imperative for Australian MNEs that operates in Indonesia to understand the cultural characteristics of Indonesia’s society, in order for its operations to succeed. The comparisons between Indonesia and Australia are based on the work values and the concept of social status; and utilises Hofstede’s work on national cultures as a theoretical basis for comp aring the countries.Indonesia’s concept of social status is highly patriarchal and hierarchical, with what appears to be great power distances between levels of the social structure. Showing proper respect, in speech and behaviour, is an essential aspect of the culture (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Indonesia society is highly inclusive; everyone has a place, from the highest to the lowliest and hierarchy ensures that all individuals in society know both their place and their obligations within the social structure (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition to hierarchy, gender and age are important determinants of social status such as the younger person treat the older person with respect, in language and in attitude (Pruetipibultham, 2012). It often happens that when MNE send their young expatriate to work or negotiate in Indonesian company, the Indonesians may immediately feel a little insulted that somebody without proper authority was sent to deal with them (Pruetipibultham, 2012). The concept of life values has become a central in studies of individual level motivations and behaviour, particularly in HRM and organisational behavior (Gahan & Abeysekera, 2009).Among the various types of life values, work values (or goals) are often viewed as a central determinant of a wide range of an individual's work-related attitudes and behaviours (Noesjirwan, 1978). In organisational behaviour and human resource management (HRM) research domains, a number of researchers has suggested that these differences in work values need to be re? ected in HRM practice; notably employee goal-setting, job enrichment, the design and use of performance-based pay are dependent on the national culture differences of the target workforce (Gahan ;amp; Abeysekera, 2009).In Indonesia, most of the common perspective on what corporate priorities should be is respect, understanding and trust when dealing in day-to-day business relationships (Pruetipibultham, 2012). However, the interpretation s of how to demonstrate understanding, to show respect, and to develop trust where the Indonesian cultural value systems come into play (Pruetipibultham, 2012). To most Indonesian managers understanding means that business activity should be be combined with the traditions and ingrained attitudes in the Indonesian business culture (Pruetipibultham, 2012).In addition, some studies found that expatriates in Indonesia can gain respect by listening to and valuing the local manager’s opinions or making an e? ort to explain why they cannot take the manager’s advice and what can be done di? erently in the future, and giving credit to their Indonesian colleagues with measure of experience and merit (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Even though good relations are accomplished by MNE; however, when Indonesian managers encounter di? culties in their projects, it is likely that they will not provide a timely noti? cation and rational explanation of the di? culties.This show that failure to shame is negatively high in feasibility in Indonesia similar to the rest of East Asia (Begley ;amp; Tan, 2001). Whereas, in the past, the self-identity of Australians have been analysed as being a complex mix of equalitarianism and mateship (Ashkanasy, 2007). In addition, egalitarianism concept consists of sameness and equality (Thompson, 1994). This concept related to mateship that was born when the settlers had to live in the outback and dealt with the difficult environment without much of a family life (Feather, 1986). The sameness falls upon the in-group collectivism but only applied to other who is in the same in-group’ that share similar uniqueness with them (Perkerti ;amp; Sendjaya, 2010). Thus, the concept of sameness can be considered as a based of prejudice and discrimination actions toward Aboriginal tribes (Ashkanasy, 2007). However, the concept that is used by most Australians today is the concept of equalitarianism (Perkerti ;amp; Sendjaya, 2010). Especially, w hen equal right are protected and enforce by the Australian legislation and government; and if a person fail to abide this means that the person is liable for lawsuit (Campton, Nankervis ;amp; Morrisey, 2009).In 2008, more than 200 unions leaders developed ‘a new framework for future campaigns’ with six key priorities: a voice for working Australians and their families; improving wages and working conditions; creating a fairer society; growing union membership; organizing workplaces, industries and sectors; and connecting with communities and regions (Brigden, 2008). Thus, because of multicultural factor in Australia and the law also protect people from discrimination, it concept of social status is not as high compare to Indonesia.Nowadays, most of Australian (especially since generation x), values the concept of work life balance based on the balance between works and outside work commitment (Allan, 2011). Family is a crucial part of the life part in work-life balance concept for workers (Allan, 2011). Thus most Australian companies used the concept of â€Å"family friendly† as an attempted to support work-personal life balance and reduce labour turn over (Burke, Oberklaid ;amp; Burgees, 2003).Especially towards attracting and attaining women in the workforce, thus there is an increasing number of women in the workforce thus moving further away from the concept of traditional role of women (Burke, Oberklaid ;amp; Burgees, 2003). Thus, by using Hofstede’s four dimensions on Indonesia and Australia national cultures, HR researchers found that Indonesians score very high in power distance, very high on collectivism, moderately high in ‘‘femininity’’, and moderately high in ‘‘uncertainty avoidance’’ (Stening ;amp; Ngan, 1997).Whereas, Australian in the â€Å"Anglo† group scored low in power distance, very high in individualism, moderately high in masculinity, moderaly low in un certainty avoidance, and very low in long term orientation (Ashkanasy, 2007). After understanding the basic concept of subsidiaries nation culture, and compare it to host nation’s culture; MNEs need to assess the impacts of work values on behaviours and interactions in the workplace, particularly where these values might diverge among work team members and between superiors and subordinates (Piers, Stanton ;amp; Ostenfeld, 2006).Multinational enterprises (MNEs) recognize that human resources play an important role in developing and sustaining a competitive advantage in today's highly competitive global business environment (Briscoe and Schuler. 2004). Staffing of foreign subsidiaries continues to an important strategic human resource practice that MNEs use to develop and sustain a competitive advantage in the international marketplace (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006).MNEs can staff their foreign subsidiaries with parent country nationals (PCNs), host country nationals (HCN s) and third country nationals (TCNs) or any combination of the three (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006. ) One of the ways to reduce the labour turn over in international expatriate is by merging organisational cultures and personal interest in order to build a common value and relationship (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010).However, the challenges are the information sharing and integrating business conduct with foreign culture (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006). The reliable information will become harde to interpret when cultural and physical distance increase, information asymmetry becomes more serious, complete and accurate information about subsidiary employee actions and performance becomes more difficult and expensive to obtain, and subsidiary actions become harder to interpret (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006).These complicate both behavioural and outcome controls (Tarique, Schuler & Gong, 2006). Moreover, information sharing will not be efficient when expatriate is exp eriencing culture shock that set in when coping with the new environment on a daily basis becomes necessary (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, expatriates in culture shock display a variety of ‘‘obvious symptoms’’, including excessive concern about minor issues, preoccupation with cleanliness of drinking water, food nd surroundings, fear of being cheated, robbed or injured, depression, feelings of helplessness, anger over delays and other minor frustrations, reluctance to learn the host language, dependence on long- term residents of their own nationality and lack of awareness about behaving dysfunctional (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). While there may be some commonly shared ethical attitudes across nations, even those countries that share similar national cultures may find quite conflicting ethical expectations (Sims, 2006). It is unreasonable to assume that one’s own ethical views are always superior (Sims, 2006).Yet, for cross- cultural businesses to be successful, a reasonable knowledge of the ethical attitudes of the residents of those countries in which we conduct business is a necessity (Sims, 2006) Thus, in order to maintain survival or/and competitive advantage, organisations should ? nd ways to assure that employees do not easily leave their positions to work for the competition; because their skills cannot easily be bought nor imitated (Harpaz & Meshoulan, 2010). This can be achieved with effective training programs before transferring to the subsidiary country and choosing prospective candidate that is the ‘best fit’ for the assignment.As organizations change and adapt to pressures in the external and internal environment, managers and employees are required to learn new competencies and skills by training programs (Pruetipibultham, 2012). Even though training program is costly, but it will most likely to benefit the company in the long run (Murray, 2011). Technical training and c urrent cross-cultural training programs, together with facilitation of expatriate networks, do not appear to adequately address expatriate failure (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006).When the destination of the expatriate is a culturally diverse country, training that addresses the ethnic networks and other socializing resources within the host country by retaining links with the home country; this should facilitate expatriate and family adjustment, leading to lower costs from a lower incidence of cultural shock and thus more effective assignments (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Organizations wishing to use expatriates in their inter national ventures might, during the planning stage for overseas start-ups, seek advice from Government and other bodies, uch as industry groups, on the presence, characteristics, and contacts of ethnic population groups in overseas locations (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Such information needs to be integrated into the expatriate tr aining process (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Ethnic group lifestyle is also likely to reflect changes in the home country that have been imported with each new arrival (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). This means that expatriate arrivals may help reduce the cultural distance of the ethnic minority group to their home country (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006).Hence, reverse cultural shock, associated with the expatriate’s retur n home on assignment completion, may also be improved upon (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Ethical conflicts that may emerge due to basic differences in the ethical attitudes of people who were raised in cultures quite different from our own (Sims, 2006). However, flexibility in adapting to changes can be achieved by merging organisational cultures and personal interest by building share values and gaining trust; and when workers in the organisation have the same share values they will more likely to have stronger commitment with each other (Barbash, J. amp; Barbash, K. , 1989). The transcultural value is de? ned as those values that have been shared among a variety of cultures throughout history or are crucial for daily functioning (Wieland, 2009). The transcultural value system is meant to guide corporations toward a somewhat uniform and universally accepted standard of ethical behavior (Hemphill & Lillevik, 2011). The commitment of individuals on how they behave and team spirit are a key factor to quality work rather than on their acquired technical skills and passive execution of orders receive (Barbash, J. amp; Barbash, K. , 1989). Thus, an improved understanding of corporate culture can be seen as a one step towards more successful negotiation strategies and the development of desirable outcomes (Moore, 1997). In conclusion, there are several difficult challenges to the practice of international human resource management (IHRM) arises from the different encounters in various countries and mul tinational enterprise (MNE) cultures (Briscoe, Schuler & Tarique, 2012). The adaptation erspective discussed in this article recognises that cultural distances exist and proposes country-specific cultural training incorporating technical competencies, expatriate networks, ethnic group social networks and resources, and ICT to bridge such distances (Piers, Stanton & Ostenfeld, 2006). Thus, the success of integrating cultural aspects in IHRM practice can have significant effects on the overall MNEs overseas operation; that will define the future performance of the organisation and the employees’ quality of life (Darling & Heller, 2009). Reference: Ashkanasy, N. M. 2007). ’The Australian Enigma,’ in culture and leadership across the world: A GLOBE report of in-depth studies of the cultures of 25 countries. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Allan, J. (2011). Mining’s relocation culture: The experiences of family members in the context of fre quent relocation. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 31 (5/6), 272-286. Barbash, J. & Barbash, K. (1989). Theories and Concepts in Industrial Relations. SC: University of South Carolina Press, 114-116. Bennington, L. & Habir, A. D. (2003). Human resource management in Indonesia.Human Resource Management Review, 13(3), 373. Brigden, C. (2009). Unions and collective bargaining in 2008. 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The global economic ethic manifesto: implementing moral values foundation in the multinational enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(2), 213-230. Hofstede, G. (1997). Culture and organizations: software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hutchings, K. & Ratnasari, S. W. (2006). Cross cultural non-work transition stresses: domestic transferees in Indonesia.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 13(2), 114-131. Lertxundi, A. & Landeta, J. (November, 2011). The moderating effect of cultural context in the relation between HPWS and performance: an exploratory study in Spanish multinational companies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(18), 3 949-3967. Nankervis, A. , Campton, R. & Morrisey, B. (2009). Effective Recruitment and Selection Practices (5th ed. ). NSW: CCH Australian Limited. Noesjirwan, J. (1978). 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Apple Inc Social Strategy Essay

In the case â€Å"Apple Inc. in 2010†, we can see that between 1980 and 1996, the company struggled with different management style and strategies. During those 16 years, Apple was a computer-based company that was not trying to differentiate itself from its competitor. That is why, in 1996, when Steve Jobs returned to Apple, he started to focus on the social aspect of Apple but also on how to innovate and create new products in order to differentiate the company. First of all, when Steve job came back, the company name went from Apple computer to Apple Inc. Jobs goal was to change Apple’s image by creating a culture around the company. In order to create its culture around the brand, he developed an ecosystem of products that could be connected together. Furthermore, Apple not only developed products, they developed software and platform such as ITunes or Icloud that would help customers to use their products easily. Moreover, by creating this ecosystem, Apple was able to attract and retain customers because with their Icloud platform for example, â€Å"Apple users† were able to synchronize, store and share data from all their Apple devices in one place which made life easier for customers. Secondly, its product became the must have if customer wanted to be part of â€Å"the Apple Family† or â€Å"community†. Apple products were not anymore electronic products (iPod, iPad, IPhone) or computer; Apple products were seen as a social status since Apple product prices were higher than the competition. Thirdly, Customers are buying Apple products in order to have high quality products that are sold in huge bright store that gives customers a unique shopping experience. In addition, customers can now bring their product in store to have them fixed but they can also come in store to receive lessons on how to efficiently use their Apple products. By offering that type of services, Apple is able to develop customer’s loyalty that will make them feel like they are part of the â€Å"Apple community†. Finally, the culture force that Steve Jobs created is now Apple’s best social strategy in order to attract customers. Apple should focus on this culture force and try to improve its existing products to make them even more connected by creating new apps that are like â€Å"iMessage† or â€Å"Facetime†. Apple could also develop new products that could be integrated inside the product ecosystem that is already in place to increase its connected product line.

Blue Ocean Strategy and the Indian Education System

Blue Ocean Strategy and the Indian Education System Indias present economic standing – both in its limited successes and its myriad failures – is to a large extent a reflection of its education system. We take pride in the success of a few individuals who pass out from the elitist institutions in the country. The million others who have succumbed to the mediocrity of the education system are lost in the crowd. If we look at some of the statistics, we see that: Although there is 90% enrolment at the primary level, even after 5 years of schooling , students fail basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills. The dropout rate till students reach high school is about 90% Of the total number of students who complete graduation or post graduation, the percentage of students who are employable is quite dismal. Stark statistics reveal the oversupply of raw graduates and the undersupply of employable graduates. If we look at flaws in the system, we can see that the main reason for these failures could be attributed to: Government Monopoly Politics and Bureaucracy The system has become ineffective, inefficient, and irrelevant. BLUE OCEAN OF EDUCATION: Thus if we look at it, the education sector in our country is currently in the red ocean category, with all institutions trying to fit in the same mould. In order to create an uncontested space of equal opportunity and holistic learning, some of the factors in the ERRC grid that can be included is as follows: Eliminate: Examinations: Examinations are just a means of passing to move on to the next level. The knowledge gained is not effectively measurable by the level of examinations conducted. Rote Learning: Students also have difficulty applying the knowledge for practical use because the emphasis is to encourage memory work and discourage creativity and innovation. Reduce: Lectures: The method of conducting lectures in most institutions seems to be pretty outdated with the lectures mostly being one sided. The number of students in most of the classes is too hu ge and this leads to the lectures being a monologue rather than a dialogue between the teacher and the student. The lecture method also assumes that all students come with the same level of knowledge and understanding about the subject and have equal interest to know more about the same Raise: Curriculum focussed attuned to students’ interests: The curriculum taught in schools should be more upto date and relevant to what the students would like to learn rather than what the faculty is comfortable teaching. There should be different modes of learning, different teaching tools and techniques used. The curriculum should be inclusive rather than exclusive. It should cater to students with different learning capabilities and should also address both academic as well as non-academic student interests. The focus should be on practical approach as much as giving importance to sound theoretical background of subjects. The curricula should be flexible and cut across disciplines with e mphasis on learning through collaboration. Problem Solving and Decision Making are key parameters that should be inculcated in the curricula as well. Industry Relevance of Courses offered:

Logical Fallacies Scavenger Hunt Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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The proletariat during the Russian revolution Research Paper

The proletariat during the Russian revolution - Research Paper Example The praxis of the proletarian was developed by Lenin in the year 1917 he argued that the proletariats were only interested in the state for a given period of time and that it was never geared towards advocating for separation from the anarchists through the elimination of the state. He further articulated that the best form of revolution was that which could offer defense to itself and that could only be achieved by the form of dictatorship by and for the proletariat. Dictatorship of the proletariat during the Russian revolution was to allow the working class members of the society quelling all manner of opposition, strengthening of political power, gain control over the various means of production and to break up the entire machinery of the bourgeois. The process was to be attained through massive education initiatives that targeted the peasants as well as the small-scale business persons, intellectuals, office and industrial employees so as to equip the m with the necessary skills needed to attain some level of freedom both socially and economically. The initiatives were directed towards coming up with a more democratic system backed by rights and liberties of the humanity as opposed to democratic parliamentarism that was being propagated by bourgeois. Stalin came up with three dimensions in order to develop an understanding of the dictatorship of the proletariat. One is that he considered it as an instrument for the proletarian revolution. Secondly, it was regarded as the rule over the bourgeoisie and finally as a form of Soviet power that represented the entire state. The Communist Party became the stronghold of the proletariat. The key elements during the revolution of the proletariat were based on the ultimate devotion of the people to the revolutionary ideas, proper attendance of classes after work so as to ensure that the works of Marx and Lenin were

Bibliography and Annotations Annotated Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

And Annotations - Annotated Bibliography Example She studied the social organization of the Santee before 1892 and compared it to the community she came across in 1935. According to Landes, the Mdewakantonwan was grouped into seven to ten villages with about 50 to 400 people per village (220). They had strong corporate features economically and politically independent and owned plenty of land. This book helps people understand the socio-cultural organization of the Santee; thus giving a better understanding of their cultural perspective. This book written by Charles Eastman and Ernest Blumenschein in 1971, traces the life of Eastman growing up as a native Santee Sioux. He mainly talks of his life in Canada, where he had gone to exile after separating with his father and siblings during the Dakota war, in 1862. Eastman claims that during his childhood in Santee, children were trained through several ways such as narration of stories and myths by adults, games and sports, and spiritual and moral training among others (54). The learning that Eastman expresses from his childhood is not much different from the learning that takes place in the society today. This is a nonfictional book written by Roy Meyer in 1968. According to Meyer, the Santee is an American Indian group, which consists of four divisions of the eastern Dakota (199). They include the Sisseton, Mdewakanton, Wahpeton and Wahpekute. The Santee spoke the languages of the Siouan of eastern Dakota that is strongly related to the Lakota language spoken by the Teton, and Nakota, which is spoken by Yanktonai and Yankton. The Yanktonai, Yankton, and the Teton are the other three divisions of the Dakota. Meyer argues that the traditions of the Santee shows that they originated from the northeast, probably near the â€Å"Lake of the Woods†, but the expanding Ojibwa community forced them out of their homeland to the South and West (200). They rose against the Whites in 1892 under the little cow, but lost the war, as well as their remaining Land in

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Management Accounting - Essay Example The two sections are not independent of each other and they are intertwined so as to work properly in achieving the specific goals they have been designed to. In the fast changing world and the high cost of business managers have to set up budgets for what to invest and understand the priorities to focus on. A budget is the plan set by the organization for the forthcoming period and it is designed at different level of the organization. The top management focuses on the master budget which is more detailed and requires integration and coordination of every part of the organization. The primary role of budgeting is systematic planning (Taylor III, 2013). The challenge of setting up a good master budget focuses more on the people hired to do and how they ensure they also are concerned with the macro while also being detailed to the micro management priorities of the business. Contrary to organization budgeting is not forecasting but is more of a leadership role of accompany than a financial one (Mettanen, 2005). Transaction cost economics this is the most complicating accounting calculation top managers’ face. It needs a lot of time and is more complex and it is widely used to decentralize multinational organization it involves understanding the tax related issue within the geographical area as well as ensuring that the cost incurred for raw materials is up to the required and that reducing operating cost (Laitinen, 2002The objective of this transfer cost is more of ensuring proper resource of allocation as well as minimizing cost and also having a competitive advantage over the rest of its competitors. Preparing of benchmarking involves a lot of consideration and managers in this have to understand the qualities required for the benchmarking and how to rate and rank the staff. The challenge when embracing this can lead to employees who think they are sacked. This requires

Describe the single accomplishment of which you are most proud and Essay

Describe the single accomplishment of which you are most proud and explain why - Essay Example My family also lived near his, so I decided to go home as well, to be by his side as a friend and support him in any way I could. My friend was so distraught, he neglected to tell anyone at the school he would be leaving for a short period and also did not inform them of what had happened to his beloved sister. I did not want to see my good friend expelled during such a difficult time in his life, therefore, I took it upon myself to notify the school administration, professors, and anyone else necessary about his predicament and that he would be back after all was taken care of with his family. I also thought it would be good for my friend to be around his closest comrades in his time of need, so I not only came back to our hometown with him, but brought four of our closest school friends with me as well. They stayed with me for the duration and collectively we gave our grieving friend emotional support and backing. Furthermore, there were friends who could not leave school and be with all of us, but who likewise wanted to lend their support, so I kept all of them posted on everything going on, even when these friends were scattered at different schools across the country. I wanted to be of as much help as possible to not only my friend, but his family as well in this time of sadness and loss, therefore, my friends and I made ourselves available for errands, sh

Chris Burden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chris Burden - Research Paper Example The paper "Chris Burden" focuses on the art of Chris Burden. Burden commenced his career during the first half of 1970s and his most famous performance piece ‘Shoot’ evolved during this half of his career. This act involved shooting of Burden in his left arm by the assistant from a distance of about five meters. After this, Burden produced a series of controversial performances; prominent among them were ‘Five Day Locker Piece’ in the year 1971, ‘Deadman’ in the year 1972, ‘B.C. Mexico’ in the year 1973. In the same year, Burden also produced another famous performance piece bearing the title, ‘Fire Roll’. Other noteworthy performance piece by Burden during this era was ‘TV Hijack’ in the year 1972, ‘Doomed’ in the year 1975 and ‘Honest Labor’ in the year 1979. One of Burden’s famous pieces bears the title, ‘Trans-Fixed’ and was performed in the year 1974. The p erformance took place at Speedway Avenue in Venice, California. In this performance, Burden was seen laying face-up on a Volkswagen Beetle and was nailed by his hands portraying crucifixion on the car. The car was pushed out of the garage and the engine was rewed for the span of two minutes and then again the car was pushed back into the garage. Burden performed another noteworthy piece ‘White Light/White Heat’ at the Ronal Feldman gallery in New York. This piece bears the title ‘Doomed’ and is one of the most controversial pieces of the time. In the year 1978, Burden joined the University as a professor.

Values and Attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Values and Attitudes - Essay Example Perhaps a good example might be the attitude some hold that sex is a sacred act and should be saved for marriage. This attitude builds up the value system of a person who does not engage in sexual relations until they are married or who will make daily choices and decisions based on this particular attitude. What are the factors that influence values and attitudes in children? According to an article entitled â€Å"The Impact of Parental Involvement, Parental Support and Family Education on Pupil Achievements and Adjustment: A Literature Review,† parents are the primary factors for influencing values and attitudes in children (Desforges, 2003). This is due to the fact that children tend to spend a huge chunk of their time with their family members as their primary means of socialization. Parents tend to impart their own attitudes and values by ways of communicating and behavior modeling. Additionally, peers would also be an important influence as this group is the secondary me ans of socialization for many young children. In what ways are values and attitudes embedded in a child’s socialization? Values and attitudes are embedded in a child’s socialization as often times communication is how information is shared.

Satisfied and Motivated Employees Create Satisfied and Loyal Customers Essay Example for Free

Satisfied and Motivated Employees Create Satisfied and Loyal Customers Essay Abstract In Corporate America, organizations vie to maintain their competitive advantage within their perspective industries. In the current economic downturn, organizations have come to rely heavily on the competitive advantage they receive from their employees, or human capital. Organizations are investing more of their funds towards satisfying and motivating employees in the hopes that these employees will create satisfied and loyal customers. To ensure employees are satisfied and motivated, organizations may recognize employee contributions with pay and a package of employee benefits. These forms of compensation work to ensure increased employee satisfaction and motivation, decreased voluntary turnover, and, therefore, the overall success of the entire organization. In Corporate America, organizations vie to maintain their competitive advantage within their perspective industries. In the current economic downturn, organizations have come to rely heavily on the competitive advantage they receive from their human capital. Human capital is defined as â€Å"an organization’s employees, described in terms of their training, experience, judgment, intelligence, relationships, and insight† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 3). Highly skilled and developed employees are an organization’s most valuable resource in the fight to maintain their competitive advantage. Therefore, organizations are investing more of their funds towards satisfying and motivating employees in the hopes that these employees will create satisfied and loyal customers. In an effort to satisfy and motivate employees, organizations may recognize employee contributions with various forms of compensation including pay and an employee benefits package, and through recognition pro grams. These forms of compensation and recognition work to ensure increased employee satisfaction and motivation, decreased voluntary turnover, and, therefore, the overall success of the entire organization. â€Å"If we take care of our employees, they will take care of our customers.† During the current economic downturn, many organizations have experienced decreased sales and profits. Many of those organizations responded with spending cuts, which included layoffs and decreased investments in employees. The restaurant chain, Texas Roadhouse, was not immune to the economic downturn and also experienced decreased sales. However, the chain did not respond with spending cuts aimed at employees. In fact, the chain continued its existing spending relative to employee satisfaction and motivation. The text indicates, â€Å"Spending to promote job involvement and organizational commitment remained intact† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 319). The decision to maintain spending relative to employee satisfaction and motivation reflects the chain’s commitment to their employees. The chain’s commitment to their employees has been best expressed by Texas Roadhouse Chief Executive Officer (CEO), G. J. Hart. Hart, who realizes the value his employees bring to the organization, has stated, â€Å"If we take care of our employees, they will take care of our customers† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 319). Hart’s phrase may seem like a common clichà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ in Corporate America; however, organizations focused on satisfying and motivating employees are actually gaining the competitive advantage that only their employees can provide. The text indicates, â€Å"Every organization recognizes that it needs satisfied, loyal customers. In addition, success requires satisfied, loyal employees† (Noe et al., p. 293). Texas Roadhouse is not alone in its commitment to its employees. SAS, a privately owned software company, is also highly committed to its employees. Bev Brown, who works in the company’s external communications department, indicates â€Å"People do work hard here, because they’re motivated to take care of a company that takes care of them† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 385). More organizations are beginning to realize the advantages associated with satisfying and motivating their employees. And, as the realization becomes more prevalent in Corporate America, more organizations will begin to demonstrate their commitment to their employees by offering generous rewards and recognition programs. Alternative Motivation Methods Their Effectiveness Texas Roadhouse uses money as a primary motivator for its employees. The chain holds a yearly competition to identify its best meat cutter, who is awarded $20,000. The chain’s managers are allotted $500 to host barbecues or outings for their employees. The chain also holds an annual motivational conference to recognize and reward its top performers. The text indicates, â€Å"The company invites about a thousand employees, managers, and vendors to bring their spouses to a four-day conference as a way to recognize and reward its best people† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 320). The retreat was costly; and, the chain’s CEO, Hart, was publicly criticized for such lavish spending. The text indicates, a reporter â€Å"†¦ criticized Hart for wasting $2 million on luxuries during lean times† (Noe et al., p. 320). However, Hart stood firm in his commitment to his employees as he replied that â€Å"†¦ the effort to inspire employees was precisely the kind of investment that enables his company to succeed† (Noe et al., p. 320). Texas Roadhouse’s strategy is certainly effective in ensuring they retain their top talent. The text indicates, â€Å"†¦ turnover among the company’s on-site recruiters tumbled by two-thirds after the company put in place a program to recognize and reward these employees† (Noe et al., p. 320). Pay is certainly a motivator for employees; however, organizations may also utilize employee benefits as a means of motivating employees. Employee benefits are â€Å"†¦ that part of the total compensation package, other than pay for time worked, provided to employees in whole or in part by employer payments† (Milkovich Newman, 2005). The text indicates that benefits serve functions similar to pay in that benefits â€Å"†¦ contribute to attracting, retaining, and motivating employees† (Noe et al., 2011, p. 384). For instance, SAS offers a generous employee benefit package as a means of ensuring their employees are satisfied and motivated. The company’s benefit package includes access to the on-site recreation and fitness center, a subsidized day care center and summer camp, and a subsidized cafeteria. The company has established an on-site lactation room for nursing mothers, and an on-site health care center for employees and their family members to have medical concerns addressed at no cost. The text indicates that these generous benefits are â€Å"†¦ part of a strategy to hire and keep the best people without paying top dollar in salaries† (Noe et al., p. 385). The SAS strategy is certainly effective in regards to ensuring the company retains its top talent. The text indicates, â€Å"Compared with 22 percent employee turnover in the industry, SAS reports turnover of just 2 percent† (Noe et al., p. 385). The SAS strategy is also effective in ensuring the company remains profitable. The text indicates that every year the company has been in business â€Å"†¦ it has turned a profit† (Noe et al., p. 385). Transferring the Texas Roadhouse Motivational Methods The Texas Roadhouse method of using pay to motivate its employees is certainly transferrable to other organizations in Corporate America. Organizations should demonstrate their commitment to their employees by offering competitive and rewarding pay and recognition programs. Doing so will ensure the organization has the ability to attract and retain top talent, which will provide the organization with a definite competitive advantage in their perspective industry. References Milkovich, G., Newman, J. (2005). Reward systems: Theory and administration. (8th ed., p. 400). Mc-Graw-Hill. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2011). Fundamentals of human resource management. (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Physical Therapist Assistant Essay Example for Free

Physical Therapist Assistant Essay In my experience as Physical Therapist Assistant, I have come to learn that physical therapy is a profession in health care division which deals with the restoration and maintenance of the movements and function of individuals who were disabled by aging, injury, diseases, or accidents. This profession involves constant interaction between physical therapist to patients/clients, doctors, families of patients, caregivers, and even communities. Physical Therapists ( PT) and Physical Therapist Assistants ( PTA) are required to study the history of their patients, results of the physical examinations of the patients performed by medical professionals, results of laboratory examinations and imaging studies of the patients, before the therapist can establish a management plan for the patient. We can practice in different settings such as outpatient clinics and offices, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, extended care facilities, private homes, education and research centers, schools, hospices, industrial workplaces, fitness centers and sport training facilities. We can also be assigned to different specialized section of the hospital we are working in, such as: cardiopulmonary where we handle patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have undergone cardiac or pulmonary surgeries; geriatric or adult patients whose movements are affected by arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer diseases, hip and joint replacement, and balance disorders; neurological department where patients are afflicted with Alzheimer’s diseases, ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s diseases, spinal cord injury and stroke; orthopedic department whose patients have problems with their musculoskeletal system; We are also trained in treatment and management of infants, children and adolescents with congenital diseases, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal and acquired disorders; while in pediatric department; and patients with wounds and burns in the intergumentary department. The educational requirements of Physical Therapist and Physical Therapist Assistant have not much difference in the subjects we have taken. Both PT s and PTAs are required to take General Biology, Psychology, Pharmacology, Patho-physiology, Medical Technology, and Human Electives. However, Physical Therapists have additional subjects such as Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology. I have also observed that this profession is more suitable to men than women. This is due to the fact that this profession calls for a lot of physical exertions such as carrying and assisting temporary invalid patients. It is also advisable to anyone who wants to enter this profession to be physically, mentally, and emotionally strong. Physically, in the sense that since we will be dealing patients whose movements are not well-coordinated due to their injuries or incapacities, they will be a lot heavier the ordinary people. We also have to be mentally and emotionally strong, as to be able to possess patience and perseverance in understanding the attitudes of the patients for they may prove difficult to handle due to their incapacities. Due to the differences in their curriculum and educational background, there are also differences in the job description between a physical therapist and a physical therapist assistant. Although they have to acquire licensure after graduation, the degree of the PT is in doctorate level while the PTA is that of an associate degree. In work area, they are both tasked with the assessment of patients, implementing the treatment of the patient, keeping and monitoring their patients’ records, communicating with patients as to the condition of their patients, and also communicating with other PT and selected healthcare professionals. However, the PT has more additional duties and obligations than the PTA. This includes the task of determining the plan care of the patient, the analysis of the evaluation and assessment results from physicians of the patients, establishing treatment goals for the patient, and managing various patient problems. The PT can assign the right tasks to the PTA and PT technicians while the PT can assign tasks to PT technicians only. Licensed PT and PTA are required to be a member of an association of physical therapist assistants such as the APTA or the American Physical Therapy Association. This association was first formed in 1921 and was called the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association. In the later part of 1930, this name was changed to American Physiotherapy Association and begun accepting male members. During World War II, the members of this association rose from 1,000 to 8,000 members due to greater demands for therapists. By 1940’s, it established its main office in New York, hired full-time staff, established a House of Delegates to create policies to be followed by its members, and changed its name to American Physical Therapy Association. From then on, the number of its members has swelled to more than 75,000 all over the United States. The main goal of APTA is to promote development and progress in physical therapy practice, research, and education. And assist its members in their problems regarding their work and profession. The mission of APTA is to improve the position in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the movement dysfunctions of patients. Aside from this, APTA also aimed to develop the functional abilities and health of the public. I have the privilege to interview a licensed physical therapist assistant and here are the excerpts: †¢ Why did you choose PT over other professions? I chose PT over some other profession for personal growth. You see ever since I was a child, I am very much fascinated by human anatomy. And because of this, I cannot afford to just sit back and see people suffer with their limited movements due to diseases and accidents. I then decided to take this course and profession to help people survive and rebuild their lives after their traumatic experience. Also PT has wider scope in theoretical and practical learning in school, and I want to see these principles and concepts being applied in the healthcare settings. †¢ What are the challenges involved in your profession? I find the way the interaction between the patients and me goes a big challenge. People are different. They have different attitudes, needs and wants, outlook, and so on. As such, it is very hard to interact with numerous patients everyday because the way you interact with one is not necessarily the way you would interact with the others. I mean, one patient would want to be pampered and spoiled while another would not want to be treated as if he or she was an invalid. Another challenge for me is how to motivate my patients for them to follow my instructions and the treatment plan I have propose to them. For a lot of people, the loss of functionality of one facility or skill could be very difficult to accept. Most of them would lose hope and sulk. This is, why as PT, I have to make him or her understand that we could still revive it, that we could still bring back that functionality or skill and that life can pretty much go back to normal. †¢ What advise do you give to those who aspire to become a PT like you? Well, for those who want to take up this profession, I advise them to be sure if this is really want they want in life; if they have compassion to other people specially those who are disabled. You see, this profession takes a lot of hard work†¦ physically, mentally and emotionally. One has to be patient enough in dealing with their patients, for cases handled by physical therapists require perseverance, hard work, and a lot of understanding. One must have flexible time in order to be able to attend to the needs and treatments of the patient. One must have the stamina in handling and assisting temporary disabled patients for they sure need a lot of help in their movements. One must also have the compassion to make the patient comfortable as much as possible, for mostly patients in this department are in a lot of pain with each movement they made. †¢ Is there anything you do to improve in your work? Oh yes, I do. As a matter of fact, I always update myself on any development with regards to the new treatment program being discovered by researcher in this department. I also attend seminars and study program abroad about the latest trend in giving therapy. I also keep myself well informed about the latest drug developed for patients in this area. †¢ How do you keep yourself fit and healthy in this kind of profession? As it is taxing and strenuous in this field of work, I take large doses of Vitamin C to strengthen my immune system, and multivitamins to give me this energy needed in assisting patients and treating their dysfunctions. And a lot of sleep, and most of all, clean living – meaning no smoking and drinking excess liquor, to maintain the balance needed. Works Cited â€Å"About APTA. † APTA. 2009. 09 February 2009 http://www. apta. com. â€Å"About the Profession: Physical Therapist Assistant. † Midlands Technical College. 2009. 09 February 2009 http://www. mtc. com â€Å"APTA History. † APTA. 2009. 09 February 2009. http://www. apta. com â€Å"Physical Therapy. † Wikipedia. 2009. 09 February 2009. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical therapy.

Attachment Theory Young Children And Their Families Social Work Essay

Attachment Theory Young Children And Their Families Social Work Essay Attachment theory derives from psychoanalyic psychology, however it is used in social work to attempt to understand behaviour in infancy and childhood to show the way in which children develop emotionally (WALKER 2009) This theory centres on the idea that children need to form secure relationships with other people, such as parents or guardians, as it is a significant contributer to their emotional development. Social bonds and relationships that are made in early childhood are believed to influence an individuals life and can impact upon their well-being to determine their emotional and social stability later in life. Consequently, attachment is seen as an integral component within infants and young childrens lives, as these experiences can shape a persons personality and identity in future years. (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). If these experiences of attachment are negative, and the child does not develop adequate relationships with their caregivers, then this can have detremental consequences on their psychological and emotional development. (WALKER, J 2009). The Attachment theory originates from the ideas of John Bowlby who believes that humans are biological predispositioned to seek attachment from others. He proposes that survival is closely related to the ability to possess emotional bonds with other individuals (GREEN 2003). This is because by forming an attachment with an authority figure who is seen as the stronger of the species, this reduces the vulnerability of the individual as it provides increased security and protection from harm posed by potential predators (BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2007). The theory looks at the way that attachment relationships are formed, and the reasons behind their manifestation. Children are seen to form these relationships for reasons such as safety, comfort and to provide guidence. These attachment behaviours, according to learning theorists, are displayed in infancy through talking, laughing and crying. This enables them to persue their basic needs for survival, such as food for nurishment, by their attachment to their mother who is able to support them in fulfilling their needs (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). This initial attachment to caregivers also guides the individuals thoughts, feelings and expectations as they become aware of peoples responses towards them which help them recognise how to behave (WALKER 2009). There are four assumptions of Bowlbys attachment theory which attempt to explain his beliefs. The first, is that infants and young children develop emotional ties with individuals early in life, which acts as a biological function and plays an integral part to their survival. The second assumption is that the way a child is treated early in life has a major contributing factor to their future relationships and the way their personality is formed. The third assumption is that attachment behaviour can form an internal working model which guide the childs thoughts, feelings and expectations as a result of the reactions of others towards their behaviour. The final assumption of Bowlbys attachment theory is that although it is difficult to alter attachment behaviour, it is not impossible, thereofre there is the possibility of alteration at any point in life, both in a positive and negative way (GREEN 2003). Although infants and young children are able to have more than one attachment figure, they are still affected when they are exposed to seperation from their primary attachment figure. This can happen for many reasons, such as a child being removed from a family home and placed into care, or perhaps death. This can be a very distressing and confusing time for a child as they are unsure of who to turn to for security and protection. This is evident in social work practice in instances where an abused child wants to remain with its parents, even though it is not a stable or supportive attachment (LISHMAN 2006). Bowlby proposed that children who have experienced seperation from their main attachment figure will suffer in a process involving protest, dispair and detachment, in an attempt to overcome their loss (BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2006). However, although Bowlby provided an important contribution to the idea of attachment, his research can be criticised in many ways. This is because Bowlby tends to focus his ideas on one primary figure of attachment, often the mother, when it is possible for children to form attachments with other people within their lives such as their father. Also, developing relationships with other people alongside the attachment figure is also important, this is because having to rely on the caregiving relationship of one person can be detrimental due to the fact it often results in dependency and does not allow other relationships to be formed with others, which can the hinder the social and emotional development of the child (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). According to Lishman (2007), the attachment theory believes that when a child is stressed or afraid, they exhibit particular behaviour and emotions which can be perceived as attachment. This is because they seek protection from harm through the help and security of an adult who they see as stronger than themselves. This is closly linked to two types of behavioural systems: the exploratory behavioural system and the fear behavioural system. The exploratory behavioural system is based of the belief that when an infant or young child feels comfortable and safe, the attachment behaviour remains dormant and therefore the child will be willing to explore the people around them and their surroundings. However, if a child feels threatened or vulnerable, the fear behavioural system will become active, where the child will no longer seek exploration and instead they will seek protection from their attachment figure and exhibit behaviour related to that attachment. However, the behaviour that they display is not intended to provoke affection from the attachment figure, instead it is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“regain a state of equilibriumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p59). This means that infants and young children are not dependent upon the caregiving nature of the attachment figure, instead their aim is to diminish their fears. There is a classification of attachment patterns which identifies four different types of attachment, which attempts to enanble professionals to assess young childrens behaviour and emotions (secure, ambivalent, avoident and disorganised). Secure attachment is based of the belief that children depend upon their caregiver as a base for exploration. The caregiver is available to the child and responds to the childs needs, therefore the child behaves in a positive manner. Ambivalent attachment looks at how children are unwilling to explore their surroundings as the caregiver is not consistent in their support. This can leave the child distressed, clingy and dependent. The third category is avoident patterns of attachment, and features an unresponsive caregiver, therefore the child feels rejected and they view themelves as dependent whilst actively avoiding or ignoring the caregivers presence. And finally, disorganised attachment is where children are fearful of their caregivers, and the y themselves may feel confused or depressed. This type of attachment is most often seen in children who have suffered abuse (HOWE 2001, cited in LISHMAN 2007). How a critical understanding of Attachment Theory can contribute to Social Work Practice. Social workers are seen to have three roles to play when working within an attachment perspective: assessment, planning and direct work with children, parents and carers. Assessment looks at areas within attachment such as the needs of a child, the parenting that they receive, their emotional and behavioural development and the relationships which they have formed. There are also tests created specifically for measuring attachment, such as Ainsworths stranger test which provide an indication of the pattern and quality of their attachments. The second role, planning, looks at how planning for new attachments when placing children with new families needs to be approached carefully. This is because they need finding the most suitable parenting figures where new attachments can be made. The third role is direct work with children, parents and carers. This is because direct contact and communication is necessary to achieve the best possible outcome when working with children and families. For example, when a child has been removed from their home and is being placed with new carers, direct work can provide support to the child to prepare them for change. It can also be useful with the adoptive or foster family to provide guidence and support towards what to expect and to help with any problems they face (LISHMAN 2007) Attachment theory has been used within social work practice as the basis for many child care policies. This is because the idea of a infant or child being attached to their family, which can influence their development in many ways, has been used as the basis for many legislation (LISHMAN 2007). For example, Sure Start Childrens Centres have been introduced in response to the importancy of family support to enable them to build and maintain positive family relationships (LAMING REPORT 2009, cited in BRAMMER 2010). Attachment theory had also contributed to policies such as shared parental responsibility, as it has emhasised the need for emotional and social relationships with caregivers, whilst also suggesting possible consequences to a childs development and the negative impact later in life if these needs were not met effectively. (LISHMAN 2007). Attachment theory also provides guidence to enable social workers to judge the quality of a relationship between a child and its parents. This can enable them to gain an understanding of at what point, if at any, intervention is necessary as it gives them the ability to evaluate the attachment that is present within the relationship. The attachment theory also gives a more comprehensive understanding of the loss experienced by an infant or child when they lose their main attachment figure. This means that people working within social work practice are aware of the common and typical behaviours of a child who is going through this process and can therefore support them to overcome it. A further way the attachment theory is used to benefit social work practice is that as it is known that attachment figures are necessary for children to develop adequately, individuals such as adoptive parents can be taught to exhibit behaviour which will encourage new attachmentment from the child which is needed for personal growth (WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010). However , care needs to be taken when placing a child with a new family as to prevent a repeating loss of attachment figures which can cause them to blame themeselves and produce feelings of worthlessness. This can mean ensuring that the child is appropriatly prepared and ready to form new bonds of attachment and that the new carers of the child receive sufficient support within their role. (LISHMAN 2007). Attachment theory can also be linked to the way in which a mother bonds with her new born baby. However, these early bonds are not solely restricted to mothers, it is also possible for fathers. Although, this bond is typically formed within the first few hours after birth as the mother and baby connect both physically and emotionally. The initial bond that is made is thought to have a significant effect on their future relationship as it is the beginning of their attachment. This knowledge enables social workers to support mothers who are particularly vulnerable to poor parenting, although this is only effective if the support continues throughout the first few months after the baby is born.. However, it is important to note that just because a mother fails to achieve an initial bond with her baby, this does not mean that abuse is inevitable. How are issues of diversity relevant to human growth, behaviour and development? GREEN, V. 2003. Emotional development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge LISHMAN, J. 2007. Handbook for Practice and Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and Theory. London: Jessica Kingsley WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD. 2010. Social Work and Human Development. Exeter: Learning Matters WALKER, J. 2008. Studying for Your Social Work Degree. Exeter: Learning Matters BRAMMER, 2010. Social Work Law. London: Longman

Tom Clancy :: essays research papers

The Cold War and post Cold War eras have brought with them many interesting aspects. New technologies initially meant for mass destruction filter down into the civilian world, making current lives easier. One example of this is the anti-lock braking systems of today’s cars. Originally designed to slow fighter-planes on landing without skidding, these systems make it safer for parents to take their children on vacation. One less noted advancement the eras brought is a considerable amount of exciting and forewarning fiction. While most authors chose to warn of nuclear and post nuclear holocaust, one significant author chose a different approach. Tom Clancy chose to write of conventional warfare and sometimes unconventional enemies. Between his novel Red Storm Rising and Debt of Honor, Tom Clancy makes evident the changing face of America’s enemies and threats, while staying true to issues that keep people interested in his books. Published in 1986, Red Storm Rising is Tom Clancy’s second novel dealing with the former Soviet Union as a potential enemy. This was a time when America’s finest tank and infantry units went on exercises in Germany fully armed with the expectation that the Russians could attack them at any time. This was also a time when the Soviets did the same exercises with the same amount of live ammunition. Therefore there was reason enough to worry about potential conflicts. Deep within the ocean waters, submarines played similar cat and mouse games with other submarines and surface ships. However some of these submarines were more dangerous then a whole army because they were fully loaded with nuclear missles. These facts were well know to the American public and made Red Storm Rising all the more real when it combined land and ocean warfare in a way that captivated millions of readers. The book begins as the Soviet Union’s ability to provide their own oil is cut off by a terrorist attack. Right away it is noted that two very frightening events have just happened. Terrorism, for one, is a major scare tactic that can and does strike fear into millions. This was demonstrated by two suspected attacks in the U.S. recently (Bombing of Flight 800 and the Olympic Park bombing). Secondly, the threat of losing petroleum resources is enough to drive governments to drastic measures. This fact is evident in the world’s participation in the 1991 Gulf War. The leaders of the Soviet Union decided that the only way to prevent the total collapse of their economy and country was to seize the oil rich Middle East.

Human Cloning Should be Condemned Essay examples -- Argumentative Pers

Human Cloning Should be Condemned    On November 25, 2001, the news that a firm called Advanced Cell Technology had created human embryos by cloning added new urgency to Congress's and the nation's deliberations on this issue.    This past summer, by a 265-to-162 margin, the House of Representatives passed a carefully worded ban on human cloning (H.R. 2505) which President Bush has said he will sign into law. The leadership of the Senate nonetheless has refused to take action on this measure, or even to consider a temporary moratorium on human cloning research. Further delay will only encourage some researchers to take further irresponsible steps toward the laboratory manufacture and destruction of human life. Such inaction is morally irresponsible and could result in irreversible harm to our society.    Creating human life in the laboratory by cloning should be condemned because it reduces human beings to mere produc... ...f these embryos be allowed to survive. By passing such misguided and ineffective legislation, Congress for the first time would not only allow the destruction of an entire class of human beings but require such destruction.    Progress in stem cell research and other medical advances does not depend on the pursuit of human cloning. Rather, a regression in society's respect for human life and human dignity will occur unless human cloning is prohibited by law.   

Works of Howard Phillips Lovecraft Essay -- Howard Phillips Lovecraft

Works of Howard Phillips Lovecraft It is morning on August 20, 1890 and the world of literature is about to change, though it will not understand just how much so for decades. It is on this morning that a precocious child, Howard Phillips Lovecraft, is born. Lovecraft would begin his writing career at the tender age of six with his short story â€Å"The Noble Eavesdropper†. He would grow up to be well read and well learned (he was producing scientific journals for his friends at age nine), despite never finishing high school (Joshi para 1- 4). Now, nearly three quarters of a century after his death, he still influences the genres of horror, science fiction, and fantasy. His influence can be felt in the creations of Robert Bloch (Psycho), Stephen King (The Dark Half, et al), Neil Gaiman (Sandman, The Day I Sold My Dad for Two Fish), and Alan Moore (Watchmen, From Hell). (Wikipedia: Lovecraft para 1-2) How can one man influence so many, and not just in the genres of fiction? A simple internet search will reveal site after site devoted to the works of HP Lovecraft, the creatures of his creation, and the mysterious Necronomicon. This last is especially interesting as many of those sites recount the significance of this tome to magical and spiritual endeavors. In fact, books claiming to be English translations can be purchased online and in bookstores. It is, of course, purely fictitious. The writer of the tome, one Abdul Alhazred, was a name that Lovecraft had created at the age of five because of his fascination with Arabian Nights. (Straub 831) So what is it about his works that they have such an effect that people would believe a work of fiction to be real? Could he indeed be a conduit of greater myster... ...e faith. Bibliography Fonda, Marc. â€Å"Fonda’s Jung Notes: Summary of Jung’s Psychology.† Notes on CG Jung. 8 December 1996. 6 December 2005. Joshi, S.T. â€Å"Howard Phillips Lovecraft: The Life of a Gentleman of Providence.† The HP Lovecraft Archive. 13 April 2004. 6 December 2005. â€Å"Lovecraft’s Influence In Popular Culture from: Lovecraft.† WikiPedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 December 2005. 6 December 2005. Lowell, Mark. â€Å"Lovecraft’s CTHULHU MYTHOS.† Explicator Fall 2004. 6 December 2005. Database: Academic Search Premier. P 48 â€Å"Monomyth.† WikiPedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 6 December 2005. 6 December 2005. Straub, Peter ed. HP Lovecraft: Tales. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, 2005. pg 831 and text quotations for â€Å"The Thing on the Doorstep†

At the back of the stage

The most prestigious event in the town where I considered being one of my most unforgettable moments in life because it's like a dream came true. Before, I'm Just an audience who dreamed to be part of the show who ramp at the stage watched by my own fellow Jimenez. But it's my fortune to be given a chance to be one of them. At the start I hesitate because it's my first time to ramp at the stage crowded by a lot of people, but I hanged my mind because I told to myself why not try it?There is nothing to lose of trying right? As long as we enjoy and we love what we do. Someone will say, how came that the Search for b. Jimenez 2014 is one of my unforgettable moment if I didn't made it to the top 5? Well, getting the Crown is not all that matter but what matters most is the learning, the experienced, the friendship we build with all the staff and the memories that I will treasured for the rest of my life. Not all of us had even a chance to be part of that prestigious event.So, win or lost that moment will still marked an important part of the piece of my heart and soul. In every competition it is not Just the Crown, the medals, or any awards that matters but it Is for us how we accept things without any regrets, because we all know within ourselves that we did our best and accept the fact that In every competition from small to the biggest one there will always be a winner and there Is always be a loser, Loser In the eyes of everyone but a winner for themselves.

Aristotle as a Critic

ARISTOTLE AS A CRITIC. Aristotle (384-322 B. C. E. ), the discussion of a physician, was the student of Plato from approximately 367 B. C. until his mentors last in 348/347. After carrying on philosophical and scientific investigations elsewhere in the classical world and serving as the tutor to Alexander the Great, he returned to Athens in 335 B. C. E. to found the Lyceum, a major philosophical center, which he employ as his buns for prolific investigations into many argonas of philosophy.Aristotle is a sublime figure in ancient Hellenic philosophy, making contri scarceions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. As a prolific writer and polymath, Aristotle radically change most, if not all, areas of knowledge he touched. It is no wonder that Aquinas referred to him simply as The Philosopher. In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises, of which only 31 survive.Unfortunately for us, these full treatment are in the form of twit notes and draft disseminated multiple sclerosiss never intended for oecumenical readership, so they do not abut his reputed polished prose style which attracted many big followers, including the Roman Cicero. Aristotle was the archetypical to classify areas of tender knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics. Some of these classifications are still used today. There has been long speculation that the original Poetics comprised deuce scripts, our extant Poetics and a lost bit book that supposedly dealt with comedy and catharsis.No true evidence for the existence of this second book has been adduced. Our (knowledge of the text of the Poetics depends principally on a manuscript of the tenth or ordinal century and a second manuscript dating from the fourteenth century. (not to write in notes)*. Aristotle could be considered the first popular literary critic. Unlike Plato, who all but conde mned indite verse, Aristotle breaks it down and analyses it so as to sieve the good from the bad. On a bout of subjects Aristotle developed positions that signifi derrieretly differed from those of his teacher.We very(prenominal) clear note this profound difference of flavour with Plato and, indeed, observe the overt correction of his one time master in Aristotles literary and artistic theories. Aristotelian aesthetics directly contradicts Platos disallow view of art by establishing a potent intellectual role. The principal cum of our knowledge of Aristotles aesthetic and literary opening is the Poetics, but in-chief(postnominal) supplementary tuition is found in other treatises, brinyly the Rhetoric, the Politics, and the Nicomachean Ethics.Aristotles main contribution to criticism whitethorn well be the idea that numbers is afterward all an art with an object lens of its own, that it dismiss be rationally mum and reduced to an intelligible set of rules (that is, it is an art, jibe to the definition in the Ethics). The main strike of the rules of the Poetics, however, is not with the composition of literary work it is rather with their critical evaluation. Consequently, criticism can be a science, and not a mass of random principles and intuitions. Aristotle speaks of the educative lever of visual, musical and verbal arts.Both the Rhetoric and the Poetics can be considered to be expansions of this view. We might claim that Aristotle sets writings free from Platos radical moralism and didacticism, man he still expects it to be obedient to a moral understanding of the world. For him, literature is a rational and beneficial activity, and not an irrational and dangerous one, as it was for Plato. Aristotle? s overture to literature is mainly philosophical he is much(prenominal) concerned with the personality and the structure of poetry than with its origin.The origins of poetry had been grounded on the instinct of imitation which is natural to man. The first poetical works were spontaneous improvisations. The origins of the variant genres is justified by Aristotle thus verse line soon branched into two channels, concord to the temperaments of individual poets. The more effective-minded among them represented direful actions and the doings of noble persons, while the more trivial wrote about the meaner sort of state thus, while the one type wrote hymns and anegyrics, these others began by writing invectives. (Poetics II). The development goes through serious or comic epic poems such as those written by homing pigeon to comedy and tragedy these new forms were both(prenominal) grander and more highly regarded than the earlier (Poetics II). Aristotle does not, however, resolve on whether tragedy (and by implication, literature) has already developed as far as it can but he does submit that it has come to a standstill.Aristotle makes a apprise outline of the biography of tragedy At first the poets had u sed the tetrameter because they were writing satyr-poetry, which was more closely related to the dance but once dialogue had been introduced, by its very nature it hit upon the right measure, for the iambic is of all measures the one best worthy to speech . . . . Another change was the change magnitude number of episodes, or acts. (Poetics II). Aristotle also deals presently with the rise of comedy the early history of comedy. . . s obscure, because it was not taken seriously. harlequinade had already acquired certain clear-cut forms originally there is any mention of those who are named as its poets. Nor is it known who introduced masks, or prologues, or a plurality of actors, and other things of that kind. Of Athenian poets Crates was the first to discard the lampoon strain and to adopt stories and plots of a more superior cosmopolitan nature. (Poetics II). The work of Aristotle as a in all may be considered to be an begin to develop a structural and metalinguistic app roach to literature.Although it preserves a concern with valuation, its main thrust is towards the definition of theoretical possibilities and general laws. Some critics have spoken of Aristotles sliminess of omission in relationship with words poetry and the inspirational element in literature. This is a fact. But it does not have the appearance _or_ semblance so important when we look at what Aristotle does say and the principles he establishes. We can simply recognize the aspect of criticism after Aristotles work, if we compare it to its previous state. His is the most important single contribution to criticism in the whole history of the discipline.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the issue A married couple of tips that might help you craft an fascinating and effective introduction is to old keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look such like they are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical lit tle relevance of the research;brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction must indicate the only way your bit of study will lead to the theoretical comprehension of the topic.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to first mention the practical outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is among the ingredients of a dissertation.It is also physical vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones how that are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The same reason why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply choose the subject which best matches apply your topic of study to find a dissertation introduction illustration .

Try to summarize the gist of each previous chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the english summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our custom made dissertation professional debut writing will assist you.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present very useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research same topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the doctoral dissertation outline is added.Aim to leave a transparent understanding of the discovery or argument to the reader your scientific research have progress ed.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts logical and submit a piece of writing in which all vital points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the same subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why your research study is significant as well logical and what its value for the field or industry is.Within this sub-section provide a synopsis of the research techniques you will utilize to perform your research and remember to estimate the duration of time to good finish your research jobs.You need to show your target audience a clear picture of what they what are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the mere fact that your target readers are members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point right away. They are looking for a brief preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of check your study in general.Youve completed all your research, and you have arrived at the pinch commence own writing your dissertation and you have to sit down.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.Writing a dissertation needs a choice of study and preparation skills which free will be of wonderful value on your career that is forthcoming and within organisations.Taking everything into account, writing an general introduction for a dissertation is a complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee low pay so much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Attempt to limit your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

Ned Kelly Essay

Ned KellyKelly was 12 when his produce died, and he was laterward compulsory to lead schoolhouse to return on the natural bunk as boss of the family. in design aft(prenominal) this, the Kellys go to Glenrowan. As a teenager, Ned became convolute in minuscule crimes, regularly targeting the pissed landowners.The score goes that Ned Kelly was influenced to beget a shrubranger. His family was non e special(a)ly care by the law, and so when he was persecuted by a a couple of(prenominal) of the legal philosophymen, he reacted and fixed to find an outlaw. He figure that if he was leaving to be aerated for something, he would croak them a tangible reason.Kelly became a protege to some other bushranger, nark spot who was a disreputable bushranger of Victoria, forward longer transported to wagon ask Diemens estate in 1841 for theft shoes. Upon his release, he act his flavour of crime, which set down him in Pentridge Gaol. He became a bushranger whe n he flee from Pentridge in 1869. At world-class he worked solo, n evertheless clear-cut after firearm that he would similar an accomplice. A familiarity of his named dump Lloyd had a nephew, Ned Kelly, honourable 15 days venerable and al cross-filey embittered by grass run-ins with the police. Lloyd recommended the untried Ned Kelly to bother magnate. Power became a mentor to Ned Kelly, taking him on as an prepare in 1870, and teaching method him the finer points of bush ranging.Ned Kelly gradu tout ensembley progressed to crimes of change magnitude unassumingness and violence, including deposit robbery and hit, soon get a capture man.A covey of deal return of Ned Kelly as a moth-eaten blooded slayer and a criminal. Ned was in smother from a green age, he robbed banks and the iodins he knock downed, and he steal horses and ran absent from the police. His family were popular opinion to be ill-considered and rash and where ever Ned went he took hostages. He got his friends into his mess, got Joe Byrne to kill one of his crush friends, Aaron and he had a injurious straight taw with a six-shooter or rifle. He was psyche to be hunted of. however because over again finished it all, Ned emerges as a incredibly stalwart single(a) , as he did from the confuse at Glenrowan, refined in his renowned typesetters case of armour, for his wicked stand stand.Aspecial 60 proceeding succession showed that 91% of those who voted believed that Ned wasnt given up a join trial. Others signify he has a dupe of a uncivilised system. In his in truth brief keep-time he became an Australian legend. Ned besides killed in self-importance defence, when he was 9 he risked his life to hold open a son from drowning, he had to pass away the tiro of the family at a juvenility age. He was penalise for things he didnt do and was victimize by the police. He gave to the paltry and he would do anything for the ones he loved. His net manage was for the police to let his soundless go, since she was in incarcerate for something she didnt do. Ned was educated and in truth trustworthy to his friends, family and supporters and had a right sand of humour. His plaguey courageousness never forsake him and to be as mettlesome as Ned Kelly is to reserve the net bravery. He was and nonwithstandington up is a mill.I call up he was hero but its up to you to ingest what you think. key for certain you read all the facts before you enounce him. adept the likes of the verbal expression usurpt valuate a word of honor by its cover upIt is not accepted that Ned Kelly unless killed in self-defence. He was a inhuman sea wolf who willingly bump off policemen and others who betrayed him (this is only self-defence). He closely certainly think to murder almost of the policemen travel to Glenrowan by train, by cause the trains derailment.